180 Life Sciences Corp. Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

Accounting Policies, by Policy (Policies)

Accounting Policies, by Policy (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the Unites States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries 180 LP, CBR Pharma, Katexco and 180 Life Corp. (“180LC”). All inter-company balances and transactions among the companies have been eliminated upon consolidation. The consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. Dollars.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, together with amounts disclosed in the related notes to the consolidated financial statements. The Company’s significant estimates and assumptions used in these financial statements include, but are not limited to, the fair value of financial instruments, warrants, options and derivative liabilities; R&D tax credits and accruals, and the estimates and assumptions related to the impairment analysis of goodwill and other intangible assets. Certain of the Company’s estimates could be affected by external conditions, including those unique to the Company and general economic conditions. It is reasonably possible that these external factors could have an effect on the Company’s estimates and may cause actual results to differ from those estimates.

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign Currency Translation

The Company’s reporting currency is the United States dollar. The functional currency of certain subsidiaries is the Canadian Dollar (“CAD”) or British Pound (“GBP”). Assets and liabilities are translated based on the exchange rates at the balance sheet date (0.7369 and 0.7874 for the CAD, 1.2098 and 1.3510 for the GBP as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively), while expense accounts are translated at the weighted average exchange rate for the period (0.7689 and 0.7977 for the CAD, and 1.2173 and 1.3753 for the GBP for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively). Equity accounts are translated at historical exchange rates. The resulting translation adjustments are recognized in stockholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income.

Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of an entity from all sources other than investments by owners or distributions to owners and includes foreign currency translation adjustments as described above. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded other comprehensive (loss) income of ($3,702,963) and $180,554, respectively, as a result of foreign currency translation adjustments.

Foreign currency gains and losses resulting from transactions denominated in foreign currencies, including intercompany transactions, are included in results of operations. The Company recognized ($12,777) and ($69) of foreign currency transaction (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Such amounts have been classified within general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents in the financial statements. The Company had no cash equivalents at December 31, 2022 or 2021. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had bank accounts in the United States and the United Kingdom; of its available cash balance, $25,079 is restricted cash. The Company’s cash deposits in United States and English financial institutions may at times be in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (“FSCS”) insurance limits, respectively. The Company has not experienced losses in such accounts and periodically evaluates the creditworthiness of its financial institutions.

Goodwill

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the difference between the purchase price and the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination. The Company reviews goodwill yearly, or more frequently whenever circumstances and situations change such that there is an indication that the carrying amounts may not be recovered, for impairment by initially considering qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill, as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative analysis. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative analysis is performed to identify goodwill impairment. If it is determined that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, it is unnecessary to perform a quantitative analysis. The Company may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing a quantitative analysis.

Intangible Assets and In-Process Research and Development (“IP R&D”)

Intangible Assets and In-Process Research and Development (“IP R&D”)

Intangible assets consist of licensed patents held by Katexco as well as technology licenses acquired in connection with the Reorganization. Licensed patents are amortized over the remaining life of the patent. Technology licenses represent the fair value of licenses acquired for the development and commercialization of certain licenses and knowledge. The technology licenses are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the underlying patents. It will be necessary to monitor and possibly adjust the useful lives of the licensed patents and technology licenses depending on the results of the Company’s research and development activities.

IP R&D assets represent the fair value assigned to technologies that were acquired on July 16, 2019 in connection with the Reorganization, which have not reached technological feasibility and have no alternative future use. IP R&D assets are considered to be indefinite-lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development projects. During the period that the IP R&D assets are considered indefinite-lived, they are tested for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if the Company becomes aware of any events occurring or changes in circumstances that indicate that the fair value of the IP R&D assets are less than their carrying amounts. If and when development is complete, which generally occurs upon regulatory approval, and the Company is able to commercialize products associated with the IP R&D assets, these assets are then deemed definite-lived and are amortized based on their estimated useful lives at that point in time. If development is terminated or abandoned, the Company may record a full or partial impairment charge related to the IP R&D assets, calculated as the excess of the carrying value of the IP R&D assets over their estimated fair value.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company measures the fair value of financial assets and liabilities based on the guidance of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820 “Fair Value Measurements” (“ASC 820”), which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements.

ASC 820 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. ASC 820 describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

	●	Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

	●	Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable; and

	●	Level 3 - Inputs that are unobservable (for example, cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions).

The carrying amounts of certain of the Company’s financial instruments, consisting primarily of loans payable, approximate their fair values as presented in these consolidated financial statements due to the short-term nature of those instruments. The Company’s derivative liabilities were valued using level 3 inputs (see Note 8 – Derivative Liabilities for additional information).

Accrued Issuable Equity

Accrued Issuable Equity

The Company records accrued issuable equity when it is contractually obligated to issue shares and there has been a delay in the issuance of such shares. Accrued issuable equity is recorded and carried at fair value with changes in its fair value recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Once the underlying shares of common stock are issued, the accrued issuable equity is reclassified as of the share issuance date at the then current fair market value of the common stock.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures the cost of services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the fair value of the award. The fair value of the award is measured on the grant date and is estimated by management based on observations of the recent cash sales prices of common stock. The fair value amount is then recognized over the period during which services are required to be provided in exchange for the award, usually the vesting period. Upon the exercise of an option or warrant, the Company issues new shares of common stock out of its authorized but unissued shares.

Derivative Liabilities and Convertible Instruments

Derivative Liabilities and Convertible Instruments

The Company evaluates its debt and equity issuances to determine if those contracts or embedded components of those contracts qualify as derivatives requiring separate recognition in the Company’s financial statements. Entities must consider whether to classify contracts that may be settled in its own stock, such as warrants, as equity of the entity or as an asset or liability. If an event that is not within the entity’s control could require net cash settlement, then the contract should be classified as an asset or a liability rather than as equity.

The result of this accounting treatment is that the fair value of the embedded derivative is marked-to-market at each balance sheet date and recorded as a liability and the change in fair value is recorded in other (expense) income, net in the consolidated statements of operations. In circumstances where there are multiple embedded instruments that are required to be bifurcated, the bifurcated derivative instruments are accounted for as a single, compound derivative instrument. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is reassessed at the end of each reporting period. Equity instruments that are initially classified as equity that become subject to reclassification are reclassified to liability at the fair value of the instrument on the reclassification date. Derivative instrument liabilities are classified in the balance sheet as current or non-current based on whether or not net-cash settlement of the derivative instrument is expected within twelve months of the balance sheet date.

If the embedded conversion options do not require bifurcation, the Company then evaluates for the existence of a beneficial conversion feature by comparing the fair value of the Company’s underlying stock as of the commitment date to the effective conversion price of the instrument (the intrinsic value).

Debt discounts under these arrangements are amortized over the term of the related debt to their stated date of redemption and are classified in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Preferred stock discounts are only accreted to their redemption value if redemption becomes probable.

Amendments to convertible instruments are evaluated as to whether they should be accounted for as a modification of the original instrument with no change to the accounting or, if the terms are substantially changed, as an extinguishment of the original instrument and the issuance of a new instrument.

The Company has computed the fair value of warrants and options issued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The expected term used for warrants, convertible notes and convertible preferred stock are the contractual life and the expected term used for options issued is the estimated period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The Company utilizes the “simplified” method to develop an estimate of the expected term of “plain vanilla” option grants. The Company is utilizing an expected volatility figure based on a review of the historical volatilities, over a period of time, equivalent to the expected life of the instrument being valued, of similarly positioned public companies within its industry. The risk-free interest rate was determined from the implied yields from U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds with a remaining term consistent with the expected term of the instrument being valued.

Net Loss Per Common Share

Net Loss Per Common Share

Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, plus the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the common share equivalents had been issued (computed using the treasury stock or if converted method), if dilutive.

The following common share equivalents are excluded from the calculation of weighted average common shares outstanding, because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Options		162,956		137,050
Warrants		3,435,728		557,695
Total potentially dilutive shares		3,598,684		694,745

Research and Development

Research and Development

Research and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company incurred $2,191,834 and $1,000,769, respectively, of research and development expenses. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, research and development expenses – related parties were $240,731 and $2,947,536, respectively. See Note 14 – Related Parties for more information on research and development expenses – related parties.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the provisions of ASC Topic 740 “Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”).

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of items that have been included or excluded in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the difference between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their respective financial reporting amounts (“temporary differences”) at enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse.

The Company utilizes a recognition threshold and measurement process for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company’s policy is to classify assessments, if any, for tax related interest as interest expense and penalties as general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2020-06 “Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Topic 470) and Derivatives and Hedging-Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Topic 815). The amendments in ASU 2020-06 are intended to simplify the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity by eliminating certain accounting models in Subtopic 470-20, for convertible debt instruments. Under the amendments in this update, the embedded conversion features no longer are separated from the host contract for convertible instruments with conversion features that are not required to be accounted for as derivatives under Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, or that do not result in substantial premiums accounted for as paid-on capital. A convertible debt instrument will be accounted for as a single liability measured at its amortized cost and convertible preferred stock will be accounted for as a single equity instrument measured at its historical cost, as long as no other features require bifurcation and recognition as derivatives. By removing the separation models, the interest rate of convertible debt instruments typically will be closer to the coupon interest rate when applying the guidance in Topic 835, Interest. These amendments to the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity change the population of contracts that are recognized as assets or liabilities. For a freestanding instrument, an entity should record it in equity if the instrument qualifies for the derivatives scope exception under the amendments. For an embedded feature, if the feature qualifies for the derivatives scope exception under the amendments, an entity should no longer separate the feature and account for it individually. The Company adopted ASU 2020-06 upon issuance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

On May 3, 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-04, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt—Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Issuer’s Accounting for Certain Modifications or Exchanges of Freestanding Equity-Classified Written Call Options. This standard provided clarification and reduces diversity in an issuer’s accounting for modifications or exchanges of freestanding equity-classified written call options (such as warrants) that remain equity classified after modification or exchange. This standard was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Issuers should apply the new standard prospectively to modifications or exchanges occurring after the effective date of the new standard. Early adoption was permitted, including adoption in an interim period. If an issuer elected to early adopt the new standard in an interim period, the guidance should be applied as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The Company adopted ASU 2021-04 effective for January 1, 2022, and its adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

On July 19, 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2021-05, Leases (Topic 842): Lessors—Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments. As part of the postimplementation review (PIR) of leases (FASB Accounting Standards Codification (FASB ASC) 842), the FASB was made aware of an issue being encountered by lessors wherein following the guidance in FASB ASC 842 requiring them to recognize a loss at lease commencement for certain sales-type lease with variable payments, even if the lessor expects the arrangement will be profitable overall. The Company adopted ASU 2021-05 effective for January 1, 2022, and its adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Recently Issued But Not Yet Adopted Accounting Pronouncements